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Insurance for Buy-Sell Agreements
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Own a business? Have a will for your business? Sole proprietorships, partnerships and small closed corporations all
need to consider what happens if the owner or one of the partners or shareholders dies or becomes disabled.
Who will purchase the company or the deceased partner"ss or shareholder"s interest? What is a fair price?
When will the sale be made?
Will the deceased owner"ss/partner"ss/shareholders families be given a fair shake and taken care of?
These are real questions every small business should deal with before the event occurs.
The business itself may also suffer form a supplier"ss or creditor"ss perception of the value of the deceased
person to the success of the business. Key employees may consider the deceased"ss death as a reason to move
elsewhere. There needs to be continuity and a smooth transition in the business when tragic events
such as deaths or disabilities occur. The buy-sell agreement is important to resolve a lot of problems
dealing with employees, creditors, suppliers and the deceased person"ss family.
Importantly, where will the funds come from to provide continuity and a smooth transition?
Everyone is going to die and sometimes it happens totally unexpectedly and at a much younger age when expected.
There are no dying rules specific to owners, partners and shareholders. Stuff happens!
A buy-out sell agreement is, essentially, the will for the business and it eliminates a lot of difficulties
and heartaches when a key person dies. A plan needs to be in place and a method of funding that plan must also
be available.
There are several options for business owners to fund a buy-sell agreement:
- they can wait and see – 'sI"sll worry about that if and when it happens.'s A sole proprietor can say, 'sI’ll
be dead, so no reason for me to worry about it.'s Sure! If it is a partnership, the partnership dissolves
automatically and, 'My partner will do the right thing.' Is that what you want? You can use your personal
funds to buy-out your partner"s stock. But what if it comes at a bad time? Your personal stock portfolio is
down, you"ve got two children in college, and you"ve had to take less income form the business lately
because business has been in a slump. Maybe, after a lengthy probate the corporation can buy the stock and place
it into treasury stock, if funds are available.
But where does this leave the family of the deceased? Would you leave it up to your partners to do the right
thing for your family no matter what the personal cost would be to the partner?
- they can borrow funds – obviously, borrowing funds is not an option to a dead sole proprietor.
Could a key employee put together the money to purchase the company? Can the surviving partner(s) borrow enough to
purchase the assets of the deceased partner? Maybe they can take out a second mortgage on the house? Maybe the lost
one is the one depended upon by bankers and suppliers. Maybe the repayment and interest is simply too burdensome.
- they can set-up a savings account within the company in anticipation of an event like this happening but,
again, if you are a corporation there may be accumulated earnings tax problems and if you are not
a corporation, it may be difficult to maintain a savings account or the death may occur prematurely before
enough funds are available.
- They can buy life insurance.
Let"s look at this from a sole proprietor"s, a partnership"s and a corporation"s perspective.
Sole Proprietor
Unless a sole proprietor (let’s call the person and “owner”) has a family member or a close relative to turn the
business over to and feels comfortable the owner"s desires for his/her family members will be served, the options
are limited. The business can be closed, it can be sold to an outsider, although small businesses are sometimes
difficult to sell, or, if the owner wants his ‘baby’ to continue, it can be sold to one or more competent and
faithful employees. The buy-sell agreement to a trusted employee becomes a two-step plan:
an agreement is prepared which sets forth the employee"s obligation to buy, the price the employee(s) will pay fo
r the business and the method of payment
the employee takes out a life insurance policy on the owner. The employee is the owner of the policy, the person
who pays the premiums and the beneficiary.
If the owner dies, the death benefits of the insurance policy would be used to buy the business from the owner"s estate.
Partnership
Partnerships are automatically dissolved with the death of one partner; therefore, a buy-sell agreement is very important.
In this case, a buy-sell agreement would sell the deceased"s interest in the company to the surviving partner(s) at
an agreed to price. For partnerships there are two different plans:
- Cross-Purchase Plan in this plan each partner buys a life insurance policy on each of the other partners.
The partnership itself is not a participant in the agreement. Each partner owns, pays the premium payments and
is the beneficiary of the insurance policies on the other partners in an amount equal to his share of the purchase
price set forth in the buy-sell agreement. The proceeds are used to purchase the partner"s business interest from
the heir"s of the deceased.
The number of policies required for a partnership with multiple partners would be the number of partners X (number
of partners-1). For example, a plan for a partnership with three partners would require six separate insurance policies.
Each partner would need a policy on each of the other parties.
Let"s say a business worth $600,000 is owned by three partners in equal shares.
Each partnership would be worth $200,000 and if one of the partners died, the other two partners would have to
provide $100,000 each to equally purchase the deceased person"s share. Therefore, each partner, in this case, would
take out a policy on each of the other two partners in the amount of $100,000 each.
- Entity Plan – in this plan partners enter into an agreement with the partnership who owns, pays the premium payments
and is the beneficiary of the policies. When a partner dies, his/her interest is purchased from his/her estate by
the partnership at the buy-sell agreement price and the interest is then divided among the surviving partners
in proportion to their own interest.
In this case, the $600,000 business discussed above would purchase a $200,000 policy for each of the three partners.
If one of the partners dies, the business pays the deceased partner"s share from the death benefit of the policy
and distributes those shares equally to the two remaining partners. The remaining partners, in this case, would
then each own 50% of the business.
Because of origination funding, buy-ins, etc., not all partnerships are owned equally by the partners. In those
cases, both the insurance policy’s amounts and the benefits distributions would be made on the basis of each partner"s
proportionate share in the business.
Additionally, none of the premium payments in the above plans are tax deductible; however, the benefits are tax-free.
Closed Corporation
Unlike a partnership, a closed corporation (i.e. a small number of shareholders who run the business) does not cease
to exist with the death of one of its shareholders. For closed corporations, there are also two different plans:
- Cross-purchase plan – each stockholder owns, pays for and is the beneficiary of life insurance on the other
stockholders in amounts equivalent to his or her share of the purchase price. The corporation is not a party to
the agreement. The surviving stockholders purchase the interest of the deceased stockholder as individuals from
the estate of the deceased stockholder. This plan is like the cross-purchase plan described in the partnership
section above. Obviously, the more shareholders the more difficult this plan becomes.
- Stock redemption plan – the corporation, rather than the stockholders, purchases the insurance policy, pays the
insurance premiums and is the beneficiary on the lives of each shareholder. The amount of insurance on each stockholder
is equal to the proportionate share of the purchase price. Upon the death of one of the stockholders, the death benefits
are paid to the corporation who then buys the deceased"s stock from the deceased’s estate. Premiums are not
taxed deductible but the proceeds are received income tax free.
Any agreements and insurance polices within a business must be integrated with the overall plan and objectives
of the business. Careful consideration must be given to the selection of the plan which is right for your business
and to the method of funding your plan.
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Please read this disclaimer: This Internet site provides information of a general nature for educational purposes only and is not intended to be legal and or financial advice. We make no guarantees as to the validity of the information presented. Your particular facts and circumstances, and changes in the law, must be considered when applying insurance law. You should always consult with a competent financial planner, attorney, or insurance professional licensed in your state with respect to your particular situation.
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